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Jesus was not a philosopher
Nor is intended to develop a particular philosophical system. In preaching, he used religious and not philosophical discourse, the same applies to the New Testament writings. Abandonment of Palestine and the Jewish-Semitic ways of thinking, and entered the Greco-Roman cultural and religious environment, the inevitable encounter with ancient philosophy. The earliest Christian writers preferred to compare Christianity with philosophy than with Plato's notion of theology. The presence of the term Logos in New Testament facilitated a connection with some lines of Greek philosophy, especially Platonism and Stoicism. Yet the encounter between Christianity and philosophy from the beginning is not always idyllic or uniformly accepted. Large differences in relation to Greek philosophy, we find that the early Christian writer of the second century. Home Dilemma Christianity or philosophy, is gradually transformed into the conviction that philosophy is useful for a clearer expression of religious dogmas and theology building.
Already at the time of the great Christian philosopher and theologian Augustine, Ambrose and others, the philosophy is accepted as an essential component in the elucidation of Christian truth. Initial suspicion of philosophy (Christianity or philosophy) were gradually replaced by the conviction of the need of the convergence of (Christianity and philosophy), and only later theology, philosophy as its handmaid. f - this is the letter in Aristotelian-scholastic logic means reducing other ways, the third and fourth figure syllogism in the way of the first figures Feria. fact - (lat = factum act, act, fact), what can not deny the existence or it can be interpreted differently. falacija - (lat = fallacia deception, delusion), the Latin term that means the principles sofističkog syllogism. Logical errors in reasoning and argument. Indicates the appearance of formal and objective truth. falibilizam - (from the Latin falsus = false, false), attitude toward the theory of knowledge which is not possible to rule out errors in cognitive activities and scientific research (CS Peirce), because all scientific theories are approximate. falsification - (from the Latin falsus = false, false), the logical process by which any statement proves to be false. K.R. Popper's refutation principle (the principle of falsification), under which a statement is meaningful when it can be definitively disproved experience. If you set a hypothesis, we will is no finite number of observations will be able to check, but there is a possibility that a single observation or a series of observations definitively refute. Weakness of this principle is that the existential (singular) courts unrestricted areas do not provide a knockdown forge.
fanaticism - (from the Latin Fanum = holy place, temple), the term originally meant religious enthusiasm, but in recent times means that the distorted religiosity is associated with politics, ideology, magic, integrationism, and is expressed in excessive exaltation that no reasonable explanation.
Fantasy - (Greek = φαντασία mirage, illusion, imagination), ability or activity of the soul that produces or creates images of things regardless of their presence. Fantasy is the ability of the spirit that represents the absent things as present. For imaging capabilities called the imagination. In scholasticism, f. the inner sense that the mind represents the image sensing objects observed external senses. Sensory image that illuminates the mind active.
phantasm - (Greek = φάντασμα appearance, image, images maštovna), a product of fantasy (imagination), the ability or the mental activity that produces, preserves, reproduce and create an image, also independent of the presence of objects which match the image. Meeting our spirit and the material world takes place in the "extension" sensible object, ie the "fantasies" (maštovnoj pictured), on the one hand, and the passive power of our spirit, on the other side. The activity of our intellect gets its content from sensible images, but so that it forms separated from matter, and this form is injected into the passive power of our spirit (passive mind). So Aristotle explicitly says: "Without (sensory) images of souls can never be conceived" (O soul, 431a 17). This is achieved immanence external object: the form the sensory effect of the active mind "dematerialized" is becoming something that our mind is really understandable (intelligibile ACTU), and thus the general term. This process is called the knowledge abstraction.
phantasmagorias - A term used by Schopenhauer to determine the external world, if the product of the mind by category of causality. This marked the whole illusory world of phenomena as opposed to the will as thing in itself, aimed at blind lust for life.
fatalism - a conception according to which all events and actions in man and the world depend on the absolute and unknowable causes. He doctrine of Christianity opposes the doctrine of free will and God's providence.
Fatum - (lat = destiny fate, destiny), the notion that events and human actions depend on the absolute cause. Fatalism, unlike determinism, all events down to one essential cause that can be a free will, as God's will.
feedback - (engl. = retroactive effect), in cybernetics means detrimental effect on production effects caused by changing it. The term is used in human communication, especially where it talks about the positive and negative feedback in communication.
feminism - the cultural and political movement of women who are fighting for the legal, social and other equality with men, trying to evaluate a specific female identity.
phenomenon - (from the cramp. φαίνεσθαι = show up, the pričinjati; appearance, what appears, as shown), according to Aristotle f. is all that directly shows the senses. According to Plato, the term denotes the physical appearance of things imperfect, as a pure illusion, as compared with the ideal. According to D. Hume, the relationship with reality is achieved through sensory impressions that are psychologically united. Especially the new meaning given the term in Kant's philosophy. According to Kant, f. If the appearance of things, no announcement of a substantial identity (noumena), a reality that should be understood as a "thing in itself", which remains unknowable, it is not therefore purely subjective nor the fruit of unification, but the immediate facts of experience, sintentizirana "a priori forms "of space and time, and categorical forms of mind. According G.W.F. Hegel, f. the revelation of what exists to its essential (essential) guidelines (determination). Term gains special importance in the philosophy of E. Husserl and M. Heidegger, and not just the appearance of things, but in some way "thing in itself" in some way identified with its battle.
phenomenalism - (from the cramp. φαινόμενον = occurrence), a study that was started by noting that Kant we can not know the way things are in themselves, but how we look at the basis of a priori awareness of our organization. Phenomenalism is any philosophical doctrine according to which there is no reality in itself, but only as a phenomenon in space and time. Phenomenalism observe what is right shows a tangible or intellectual knower, and he is not as important to observing reality spoznatljivog beings in and of itself. Fenomenizam appears as a theory of knowledge.
phenomenology - the study (the originator of E. Husserl) the method of knowing to be clean (Wesen) and clear the contents (Eidos).
phenomenological method - as opposed to induction and deduction described facts that are associated with inner or outer experience.
Ferric - mnemotehnics conventional term that denotes the fourth mode of the first syllogistic figure, which has a structure: the larger premise of a universal negative; Particular minor premise and positive; partikularan negative conclusion. For example, No S is not P. Some S are M. Some S are not P. (MEP-SIM-SOP).
fideizam - (from the Latin fides = trust, faith), doctrine or behavior that switches on faith or revelation that which belongs to reason and philosophy. According fideistima, we can not get to the truth without recourse to faith; absolutised role of faith in the knowledge of metaphysical and religious truth. Fideističe tendencies are always present in theology, for example Tertullijan, P. Damien, W. Ockham, Luther M., K. Barth ...
fides quaerens intellectum - (lat = faith seeking understanding), the term which expresses the need to rationally justify belief.
figures - (Latin, Greek σχήμα = external form, the outward image, opportunity), denotes the exterior, exterior, of an object. The logic of talking about the "figures", and refers to the syllogism, and denotes a special form depending on what takes place in the premises of the middle term (medium). The first three are derived from Aristotle, and the fourth of Galena. Rules of logic. figure: First figure: smaller premises must be affirmative. Larger premises must be universal. (M-S, S, M, S, P). The second figure: one premise must be negative. Larger premises must be universal. (P, M, S, M, S, P). Treća figures: minor premise must be affirmative. (M-P, M, S, S-P). The fourth figure: if the larger premise of the affirmative, must be less universal. (P-M, M, S, S-P). If one premise is negative, the greater must be the universal.
fiction - (from Lat = fing third form, make, invent), imagining that there is something there, or whose existence is impossible and contradictory.
fiksizam - unlike evoluzionizma, teaches that all animal and plant species are created as they are now. Some species may disappear, but none new could not have occurred, or could arise from changes in the former species.
Philanthropy - (Greek = φιλανθρωπία love of people, humanity), the ethics of means benevolent behavior toward other people, especially the poor and weak. In Christianity is about love of neighbor - Caritas.
phylogenesis - (from the cramp. φῦλον = γένεσις = type and origin), the development of its kind to appear now, and ontogeny of an organism is the development of the embryo continues.
philosophers - (Greek), the term is used in the meaning of philosophical theory or doctrine. In Aristotle's logic (Top. VIII, 11, 162 and 15-19) indicates the scientific evidence and syllogism (ἀποδεικτικός), the opposite of epikerma or dialectical (διαλεκτικός) and rhetorical syllogism, or aporia (ἀπόρημα) which gives a value equal to two opposite claims.
Philosophy - (Greek φιλοσοφία = love of wisdom), the term is attributed to Pythagoras (6th century BC. BC.). Philosophy, mudroslovlje, is the knowledge of all things by their causes, using the natural light of reason. Unlike other sciences that study a particular area of reality, philosophy examines the whole of reality. As a special intellectual activity as a form of organized scientific knowledge produced in ancient Greece and a typical European phenomenon, not denying that in other cultures there are elements of philosophical knowledge.
philosophy (analytic) - common name for a very different philosophical currents that are at the beginning of the 20th century occurred in the German-speaking and Anglo-Saxon. Sometimes referred to as "the philosophy of language" that would highlight the first case, and the earliest area of interest, as the name of "linguistic-analytic philosophy" that would be the first item highlighted and research methods. With the language and analysis are at least three elements that make up the movement "analytic philosophy" special: linguistics, the results of research science, common sense intuition or belief that natural science solutions through integrative analytic philosophy, or oppose or try to bring them into line. Some of the philosophical currents that are favorable for the development of "analytical philosophy" are: idealism (as a significant position on the continent and in the U.S. and UK), Empirio (E. Mach, R. Avenarius and general scientific progress during the nineteenth and early twentieth century through the theory of evolution, relativity theory, psychoanalysis, etc.), logical studies before and during the G. Frege work (Hamilton, G. Boole, J. Venn, L. Carroll, Ch. Peirce, but also logical studies G. Frege, Husserl E., B. Russell, etc.). Most analysts believe that the history of "analytic philosophy" Frege begins publishing the article "The meaning" (1892.), And articles of other analysts, such as Russell's article "labeling" (1905.) And Wittgenstein's work, "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus" (1921st / 1922.), etc. Then follows a period of "Vienna Circle" (see: B. Berčić: "Philosophy of the Vienna Circle"). If the "analytic philosophy" is understood as a historical and philosophical movement, it can be rough, for visibility, divided the following periods: the period inception (G. Frege, Bertrand Russell, GE Moore), the influence of Wittgenstein's philosophy of the period (this period of time is difficult to determine because of the small publishing life, and equally strongly influenced his works after his death) , the period effects Oxford school, influences period WVO Quine's philosophy, and the period after the impact of young philosopher Quine (S. Kripke, D. Davidson, H. Putnam and others). It is known that the philosophy of language there is no comprehensive collection of texts, one should consult: B. Hale, C. Wright, "A Companion to the Philosophy of Language", 1997. and a number of introductions.
philosophy (aporetička) - synonym of skeptical philosophy, as a method or system of general suspicion. Philosophy of action - indicates lines of thought that oppose the ancient intellectualism and trying to find a practical approach to moral action and metaphysical truths.
philosophy (Hermetic) - also known as the hermeticism, and a philosophical and religious teachings that spread in late antiquity, from the second century in two basic forms: a more popular, infused with the occult, and other, more learned, explicated in the writings of Corpus Hermeticum and Asclepius (see Hermetic writings). The importance of hermetic philosophy is not as speculative rather than historical because it reflects the spiritual mentality of late antiquity.
philosophy of language (in the framework of analytic philosophy) - the largest and oldest area of interest analytical philosophers. Within the language problem in the foreground came semantic problem (the problem of the relationship between language and what language the default unit marks), but were later extended to areas of interest sintaktiku and pragmatics. It differs from the philosophy of logical or scientific at all as an artificial language (the Vienna Circle, particularly Carnap R.) and ordinary language philosophy (Oxford School, L. Wittgenstein) (N. Miscevic: "Philosophy of Language," 2003.). Ordinary language philosophy (Oxford School) - tries to influence the older L. Wittgenstein and GE Moore: proper use and thus the meaning of important terms to be determined without a fixed method without a priori defined (positivist axioms). This school nedogmatična and does not exclude in advance any metaphysics, but it still felt a strong inclination toward empiricist-positivist philosophical and philological research instead. It is named after the main representatives, after Wittgenstein, G. Ryle, P. Strawson, JL Austin, P. Grice who all worked at the University of Oxford. (L. Wittgenstein: "Philosophical Research," JL Austin: "How to do things with words", PF Strawson, "Analysis and Metaphysics", especially chapter 1 and 2).
philosophy (Christian) - means the philosophy that implicitly or explicitly represent Christianity or philosophy that is consistent (consciously or unconsciously) with the Christian message. According to the encyclical Fides et Ratio (no. 76), the name of Christian philosophy is justified, although it does not mean an official church philosophy. The team is called to indicate the Christian philosophizing, a philosophical speculation conceived in a living communion with the faith, and to cover all the important developments of philosophical thinking that can not be achieved without, direct or indirect, support for the Christian faith.
philosophy (perennis) - refers to a philosophy which, despite many changes in time and space, and despite the different and even opposite directions, cultures and civilizations, remained unchanged at least in its basic tenets. The term was first introduced in the work Steuchus Augustinus "De perenni philosophia libri X" (Lyon, 1540)
philosophy of history - this one is titled his work Voltaire (Philosophie de l'histoire, 1756.), traditionally denotes a separate philosophical discipline that seeks to comprehend the essence and meaning of history (sometimes called metaphysics and history), and recently, FP means test values and limit the scope of historical knowledge (also called the logic of history). The first example of the philosophy of history is found in God's country, vol. Augustine, in which he seeks to give philosophical and theological significance of sequence and flow of events in time.
philosophy of law - a philosophical discipline which examines the theoretical and methodological foundations of law. Philosophy (the first) - that Aristotle called its theoretical part of philosophy that deals with unchanging entity (God) and being as such, unlike the "other" that is, physics and mathematics. This file Andronicus of Rhodes (in the 1st century BC) called metaphysics. Philosophy of religion (within the analytical philosophy) - located at the intersection of classical efforts (new justification of classical proofs of God's existence), contemporary efforts (linguistic analysis of religious language, the challenge of science, the problem of verification, etc.) and new directions and ways of arguing (WP Alston R. Swinburne, A. Plantinga) and criticism
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